Linux Stuffs

 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is stateful. This means it maintains a connection state between the communicating parties throughout the communication session. Stateful Nature of TCP Connection Establishment : TCP requires a connection to be established between the sender and receiver before data transmission can begin. This is done through a process called the three-way handshake. Three-Way Handshake : This process involves the exchange of three messages (SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK) to establish a reliable connection. Maintaining State : During the connection, TCP keeps track of various parameters to ensure reliable and ordered data delivery. Sequence Numbers : TCP assigns sequence numbers to each byte of data to ensure it is received in the correct order. Acknowledgements (ACKs) : The receiver sends acknowledgements for the received data packets. If an ACK is not received, the sender retransmits the data. Flow Control : TCP uses a window mechanism to control the rate of data tran...

 The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand and standardize the functions of a telecommunication or computing system. It divides the process of networking into seven distinct layers, each responsible for specific tasks related to data transmission across a network. The OSI model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to help different networks and devices communicate with each other in a standardized way. Here’s a brief overview: Physical Layer: This is the foundation. It’s like the cables and the hardware that connect computers. Imagine the physical wires or the radio signals used for Wi-Fi. Data Link Layer: This layer is responsible for making sure that the data gets from one point to another without errors. Think of it as the traffic cop that ensures data goes to the correct place on the same network. Network Layer: This is where routing happens. It decides the best path for the data to travel from...